Essay on Literature Review Bully-Victims - 1405 Words

Literature Review Caarne L. White Capella University Authors Note Caarne L. White, Department of Counseling, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN caarnew@gmail.com Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a literature review of the topic proposed for completion of the final project. Bullying has become an ongoing global phenomenon. In particular are bully/victim behaviors and its impact on bully-victim cycles with K-12 students. This project intends to explore the research regarding the dichotomy of bullying and victim behavior, specifically bullies who have previously been victim or are currently victims of bullying. Research has demonstrated that†¦show more content†¦Victims in this case may at least be offered empathy from classmates, yet are less likely to be empathetic to the bully-victim which experiences both bullying and victimization. Once again, this makes bully-victims unique and more complex. There are major inconsistencies in research, as identified in an article by Solberg, Olweus and Endresen (2007) asking the question if bullies and victims at school are the same pupils. When estimating the prevalence of bully-victims in 10 studies using bully-victim as a basis of classification with similar populations, the percentages varied between 0.4 and 29% (Solberg et al., 2007). This has been a particularly confusing part of this present research project, in that classification criteria, definitions and other measurements may be used differently in studies on the topic. If there are inconsistencies with determining who and what the bully-victim is, surely there are major gaps i n understanding the possible cyclical nature of bully-victims. Solberg et al. (2007) acknowledges how unfortunate it is that these variations exist, telling very little of the prevalence across grade/age the bully-victim persona exists. The authors do however recognize this group as at risk according to most research on the phenomena. There is a power imbalance that makes bully-victims unique from justShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Bullying Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents- A literature review Introduction Bullying has been a great problem in every workplace over several years (Bauman, Rigby Hoppa, 2008; Smith Brain, 2000; Olweus, 1994). Researchers have shown interest in this topic consistently (Policy, 2014; Sampson, 2009; Einarsen, Hoel Cooper, 2003). This literature review will cover the various definitions of bullying, bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace and school, various possible outcomes of bullying along with the international review andRead MoreCauses and Effects of Verbal and Non Verbal Abuse1311 Words   |  6 Pagesof power with the more powerful individual or group abusing those who are less powerful. The power imbalance may be social power and/or physical power. The victim of bullying is sometimes referred to as a target. Many bullies don’t know the wrongness of their doings. They don’t know the affects that this can have on the students they bully. Sometimes bullying can lead deathly matters, or sometimes your highly classified serial killers, depending on how much self-esteem a person hat at that pointRead MoreA Brief Note On Cyberbullying And Its Effects On Society1085 Words   |  5 Pages2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Definition Various researchers and bodies have taken different but closely related definitions of this phenomenon. Dueck (2006) uses the definition found on Cyberbullying.com, which seems to be one of the most comprehensive. It defines cyberbullying as â€Å"the use of information and communication technologies such as e-mail, cell phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal websites, and defamatory online personal polling websites, to support deliberateRead MoreBullying Is The Lack Of Consensus Among Employers939 Words   |  4 Pagescomplain that definitions are not precise enough or lack the span necessary to include all forms of workplace bullying. One reason there are so many definitions is because there are many components to consider: frequency, intensity, duration, intent, victim experience, and the effects of bullying, to name a few. Leymann and Tallgren (1989) define bullying as weekly exposure to one of 45 identified negative acts for a period of six mo nths. The emphasis here is on the duration of the acts or behaviorsRead MoreEssay on Bullying Literature Review1243 Words   |  5 Pagessetting for bullies to target their victims. Cyberbulling, or the use of any number of technological means to harm or harass another, has become an increasingly prevalent occurrence, specifically among school-aged children (Campfield, 2006). In this review of literature, the unique aspects of cyberbullying and its relation to traditional forms of bullying will be examined. Educators must understand the complex nature of this beast if it is to be addressed effectively. Furthermore, this review will lookRead MoreCyber-Bullying: A Brief Research Proposal Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesidentifies the demographics of bullies and victims of cyber bullying, and identifies the outcomes of cyber bullying on victims. More focus needs to be placed on who the perpetrators of this form of violence are and how this form of violence is linked to traditional bullying. This will allow researchers and practitioners to move forward with research and implementation preventative methods and intervention once the problem has already occurred. Current Literature Study methodology shows that higherRead MoreTherefore, To This Extent The Process Draws On Traditional845 Words   |  4 Pagesand all schools and children, not just those with more socioeconomic deprivation, should be targeted to reduce the adverse effects of bullying. Here is a small but growing body of literature that examines the relationship between bullying and SES, and although findings tend to suggest that victims, bully-victims, and bullies are more likely to come from low socioeconomic backgrounds, the results are far from conclusive. First, studies differ in their approach to measuring SES; some use composite measuresRead MoreCyberbullying : A Behavioral Pattern That All Cyberbullies Share? Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself† (Whitney Smith, 1993; Olweus, 1999). Cyberbullying is simply another form of traditional bullying, just with the satisfaction of anonymity and convenience. However, cyberbullying has recent ly surfaced within the past decade, as technology became modernized. Those who have bullied someone via the internet or mobile phone in the recent past often tends to be a young adolescent. These young adolescents also tend to be the victims and bystandersRead MoreJust As The Hands Of A Clock Are Constantly Moving, Time1199 Words   |  5 Pageschanged drastically. However, the one interaction has remained relatively the same throughout: bullying. Bullying, a negative interaction, has produced many statistics. In other words, bullying has made its mark in who the common bullies are, who are the typical victims of bullying, the repercussions of bullying, and ways in which bullying is linked to social and individual problems such as depression, anxiety, and violent tendencies. Common Links Across Bullying Societal context has provided anRead MoreBullying in Schools Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pagescause students to be targeted and bullied it is a vicious cycle. When educators are not afraid to intervene in a situation involving bullying the student’s self-esteem rises as well as their willingness to learn. BULLYING Bullies. At some point or another everyone has either been one or known one, but what happens when we as educators suspect it is happening in our classroom, and what if it is happening to a student with special needs? Bullying is defined an overbearing person

Letter Essay - 1312 Words

Brian Schwartz jbs321@nyu.edu N.Y.U. Poly Expository Writing Program Dibner 110 Office hours by appointment Writing the Essay Fall 2012 Writing the Essay is a workshop-style writing class, a forum for students to develop complex ideas, think about the characteristics of effective and compelling writing, and engage in a conversation about the essay form. The goal of the course is for you to improve as a writer, reader, and critical and creative thinker, and for you to write essays that are finished products of high quality. An essay must turn a question into a quest, to borrow the words of the writer John Fowles. A truly engaging essay shows the movement of the writer’s thinking—every new piece of evidence becomes an†¦show more content†¦In order to receive a grade for each final essay, you must complete the writing assignments that lead up to the essay. In other words, assigned writing exercises are a prerequisite to writing each final essay. Grades: A work gives the reader a positive impression of excellence in all listed standards. B work gives the reader a positive impression of general superiority in all listed standards. C work is average in each standard. D or F work is seriously deficient in one or more of the listed standards. Final Grade: Essay 1: 30% Essay 2: 30% Essay 3: 30% Class participation/portfolio: 10% Due Dates and Late Papers: Late papers will lose half a letter grade per class until they’re turned in (more than two weeks late will result in an F). At the end of each progression, please put all exercises and drafts in a folder with your final essay on top, and turn the whole thing in portfolio-style. Attendance and Participation: Preparation, attendance, and speaking during discussions are all important parts of the class. Much of the learning in writing courses occurs through active discussion and in-class writing rather than through lectures. Therefore, to do well, you’ll need to show up literally and figuratively. More than two un-excused absences will most likely lower your final grade; more than four absences will put you at a severe disadvantage in the course, because the workShow MoreRelated the letter a as a symbol in the scarlet letter Essay752 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter there are many symbols. One of the biggest symbols of the novel is the scarlet letter A that Hester Prynne is sentenced to wear after she commits adultery. It is a symbol that is sewn onto her clothes for everyone to see. It is a punishment that is meant to humiliate her for the duration of the time that she stays in Puritanical Boston. D uring the novel, the scarlet letter changes and evolves from meaning adultery to meaning abilityRead MoreTeaching Writing Informal Letters8861 Words   |  36 Pageswriting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 1.4. Letter writing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 1.5. Different types of letters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Chapter II.Teaching writing informal letters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 2.1. Informal letters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 2.2. Writing informal letter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 2.3. Types of informal letters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..20 2.4. Exercises for teaching writing informal letters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............25 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦32Read MoreMy Letter From The Scarlet Letter705 Words   |  3 PagesShoulda, Woulda, Coulda No one is perfect. Every single human being has sinned in his or her life. We each have our own letter of sin as Hester had in The Scarlet Letter. I procrastinate so my letter is a P. However, procrastination does not define my life, as sins can be forgiven, and my letter can be changed to mean something much better. Procrastination is never good. I know that first hand. I have done it all my life and there for a while I could get away with it. Then I got into high schoolRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is a well known novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The novel is composed and written in Salem and Concord, as well as Boston, Massachusetts in the late 1840s. The narrator of the novel is in an omniscent state, meaning he knows more about the characters than the characters know about themselves. Although the narrartor is omniscent, he also makes sure to include his ideas and opinions on situations, making him also greatly subjective. Being subjectiveRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter1456 Words   |  6 PagesChrist figure in The Scarlet Letter. She displays self-sacrifice, saintlike features, and exemplifies some biblical teachings throughout the book. The first, which is self-sacrifice, is shown when Hester is standing on the scaffold in front of the whole town and will not uncover the other participant in the adultery. Reverend Wilson questions her of this man that helped commit this crime, â€Å"Speak out thy name! That, and thy repentance, may avail to take the scarlet letter off thy breast† (60), withRead More The Scarlet Letter801 Words   |  4 PagesThe aspect of Nature in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter seems to have been characterized to readers with a mixed blessing. In other words, Nature shows its power to both heal as well as harm various characters throughout the text. The Scarlet Letter highlights Natures complexity by showing that the Puritan idea of Nature as an entirely evil force is a naive misconception. The text reveals the beneficial attributes of Nature that the Puritans overlook or fear. Conversely, the text showsRead More The Significance of the Letter in The Scarlet Letter Essay1813 Words   |  8 PagesThe Scarlet Letter: The Significance of the Letter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adultery has been around almost as long as people. It has maintained a harsh punishment, from banishment to death, but in the Puritan world of colonial America (from about 1620-1640), its punishment may have been worse than either. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hester Prynne is a lonely Puritan woman who commits infidelity with a preacher and has a son from the untruthful union. To punish her for this act, the councilRead MoreDifferences Between Business Letters and Social Letters6869 Words   |  28 PagesElements of Business Letters [h1]{PAGETITLE}[/h1] Elements of Business Letters ELEMENTS, STYLES, AND FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS This chapter deals with the definition of business letters, differences between business letters and social letters, elements of business letters, styles or forms of business letters, punctuation styles, and C’s of business letter writing. DEFINITION OF BUSINESS LETTERS Business letters, as the term suggests, are letters used for business purposes. These purposes are toRead MoreScarlet Letter. The Scarlet Letter Has Five Scenes And1290 Words   |  6 PagesScarlet Letter The scarlet letter has five scenes and without them the story would not make any sense. All of the scenes either shed light on Hester situation in the puritan colony, they tell about the malice in Chillingworth s heart, or the sorrow and forgiveness of Dimmesdale. The first scene with Hester s punishment. The second scene is about Chillingworth s plan that finally turns his heart to stone. The third scene when the reader learns about the connections Hester, Dimmesdale, and ChillingworthRead More Scarlett Letter Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesScarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a tale set around the lives Puritan people, and how a women branded by them learns to live with their hypocrisy. The story strikes many points about Hester’s inner struggles, her relationship with her daughter Pearl, and how to except herself, but one of the greater focuses does not lie within her, but with the Puritans themselves. What I speak of is how Hawthorne criticizes the Puritan people on t heir hypocrisy. Specifically, by use of the Scarlet Letter. Throughout

What Is The American Dream - 942 Words

If asked the question, â€Å" What is the American Dream?†, many people would have a variety of answers. It may depend on many factors including, how one has been raised, their age, socioeconomic factors, and ethnicity. There have been so many changes in our country over the years from the 1900’s until now including wars, racial beliefs and family structures which led to an array of definitions of the American Dream. An American Dream can be different for each person. It can be about many factors as we will see throughout the paper. To cover these different factors, interviews have been completed with three subjects who are different ages, race and socioeconomic status. The first subject is a 94 year-old caucasian male veteran named Warren Tuttle. He worked hard to finish high school, as many did not complete this huge task during this era. Mr. Tuttle worked hard as a farmer on the same farm he still lives on today. His first paying job, at the age of 16, was at JC Penny. From there, he went to work at Belk until he was drafted by the Air Force.From talking with Mr. Tuttle, we discussed many components of his childhood. He was the youngest of 2 children and his parents were married. At the age 26, he married a lovely woman and had two children of his own. He had a daughter and a son who died at two days old. They both were happily married for 67 years and had a good life together. During this time in service, he flew in World War II. His duty during his service was to map theShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The American Dream?1407 Words   |  6 Pages What is the American Dream? If you ask anyone they will provide you with all types of answers, from making a successful life for one to wishing and hoping that America changes and grows as a whole. Personally I believe that the American Dream is the idea that was put in my head as a small child by parents and the other adults around. For me, this was the motion that in the beginning it’s as simple as going to school and make A’s so that I can be accepted into a good college, and then you must workRead MoreWhat Is The American Dream?895 Words   |  4 PagesSince the very first steps taken on American soil, people have dreamt of pursuing the American dream. What is the American dream? Many people believe that the American dream can’t be defined in one simple sentence. To some people the American dream means getting a new car and to others a new home, but for many Americans it has a deeper meaning. As we have seen, equality has been a struggle from the beginning; but it has led to the liberty within the country. The accomplishments that have been madeRead MoreWhat Is The American Dream?1094 Words   |  5 PagesMost Americans are unsatisfied with their lives. So many people live their lives discontented with where they are in life. They are discontented with their status in society, the money they make, goals they have yet to achieve, their profession, how they didn’t complete their schooling, and the list unfortunately goes on. We as Americans have a large advantage in comparison to most societies within the world, we have the freedom to live the American dream. What is the American dream? The DeclarationRead MoreWhat Does It Mean For The American Dream?864 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does it mean to be an American dream? It is a hope of the American people that everyone has a same opportunity to achieve a success through their resolution, originality, and hard-working. Hundreds and hundred years, millions of people all over the world come to America to search and prove the true of an American dream. Unfortunately, in fact, everybody has different opportunities and obstacles to achieve their dream relate to gender, and especially class. Firstly, a gender is an importantRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Whats Up With The American Dream 994 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does the american dream mean to you? â€Å"The American dream, to me, means having the opportunity to achieve, because I don t think you should be guaranteed anything other than opportunity† (Leny Wilkens). The Article â€Å"Whats up with the American Dream† is all about how the American Dream is changing. It s transitioning from going to school, working hard, and advancing in your career to being handed a job through the connections you have. The thesis in this article is â€Å"We go to school, studyRead MoreWhat Is The Theme Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1508 Words   |  7 PagesGatsby†, F. Scott Fitzgerald suggests that the American Dream is illusory and can never be fulfilled. He suggests this concept through Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway, Daisy Buchanan, Tom Buchanan, and Myrtle Wilson. When these people try to purse this unfulfilling dream, only sadness and failure is left for them to feel. In the 1920’s, everyone was following a never ending train of disappointment and failure know as the American Dream. The American Dream was the belief that through hard work, determinationRead MoreWhat Is John Steinbecks Theme Of The American Dream831 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Steinbeck describes a world where the American Dream was a wonderful dream to live but very difficult to live because of the challenges. In the 1930s, the Great Depression was occurring and it was horrible. During this time it was very disturbing how many people were living because they could not afford anything. The American dream was honesty not very achievable during this time period. Many people John Steinbeck reveals the reality of the 1930s in his novel. Steinbeck’s purpose in writingRead MoreThe American Dream Is What Most People Hope For. People1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe American dream is what most people hope for. People migrate to the U.S. wanting to have a better life and people w ho live in the U.S hope to have a prosperous life. The Tortilla Curtain by T.C. Boyle shows two different couples trying to achieve the American dream and the things that they face to try and get the dream. Reading this you learn that there are many tribulations that people go through in trying to accomplish the American dream. This book enables the audience to view both perspectivesRead MoreLiving The American Dream : What Do You Think?1889 Words   |  8 PagesWhen you hear about living the American dream, what do you think? Is the American dream the ability to go to school wherever you want and accomplish everything you’ve ever wanted to do with a little hard work and elbow grease? America is moving into a modern technological age, removing jobs from American workers and having a large effect on what American factory work is currently based on. The assembly line is a unique concept that gives each employee a certain category or task that they are requiredRead MoreAmerica n Dream in Let America Be America Again, What is an American, and Dr. King’s I Have a Dream Speech547 Words   |  3 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the American Dream? We all have dreams of different kinds. To some people, the American Dream is having all that is available in this life to meet your needs, wants, and desires. To others, it means having a great job, a wonderful family, and a secure future. And maybe to others the American Dream simply means having the opportunity to prove yourself. No matter what your definition of the American Dream is, we all try hard to achieve this one common goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Crevecouer’s, â€Å"What

Opportunity Cost - Market Structure - Demand Pull and Cost Push Inflatio

Question: 1. What is opportunity cost? Describe some of the opportunity costs when you decide to do the following? a. Attend college instead of taking a job. b. Ride a bus instead of driving your car. 2. Define price elasticity of demand. How you will use it to define an 'inferior good'? Give two examples of an inferior good? 3. In which market structure would you place each of the following products: monopoly oligopoly, monopolistic competition, or perfect competition? Why? a. Water and sewerage services. b. Breakfast cereal 4. Define discretionary fiscal policy? What is the relationship with automatic stabilisers? 5. Explain the differences between demand pull and cost push inflation? 6. Identify the key factors affecting the demand for currency? 7. What policies would be effective to reduce the structural rate of unemployment? Define at least one? Answer: 1. Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is defined as the money or other advantages being lost in order to seek a specific course of action instead of an alternative that is mutually exclusive. Therefore, the opportunity cost is the benefit that may have been gained from the use of alternative of the similar resources. Attend college instead of taking job: For example, if a student attends college for four year then in this case the opportunity cost is the lost of money that a student would have gained if he/she would have taken up the job. Opportunity cost for going college are books, supplies, cost of tuition, etc and a person can find good or better job opportunity and better salary. Ride a bus instead of driving a car: If a person rides a bus then it can be cheaper to him/her but may not be as convenient as riding a car. Opportunity costs for taking bus comprises, wait for bus, person may have to walk to reach the destination from the bus stop. 2. Price Elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand I regarded as the measure to know the demand for the product or services of the customers in relation to price change. Therefore, it shows a relationship between an alteration in the demand of quantity and alteration in price. Inferior goods are considered that good which reduces in demand if there is arise in the income level of consumers or vice versa. Examples of Inferior goods are: Inter-city bus can be taken as inferior good. The travelling through inter-city bus is cheaper than rail or air travel but in can be time consuming. Therefore, if a person has more money, then person may prefer rail or air transport. Thus, it can decrease the demand for inter-city due to rise in income level. The cheaper bikes can be inferior goods as the people may prefer cheaper bike due to income constraint but when there is rise in income then the same person may prefer buying costly bike. 3. Deciding market structure Water and sewerage services: The services may fall into monopoly market structure as the services can be provided by one firm. The water and sewerage service is sole entrepreneurship. For instance, if there is large number of buyers in particular society and lack of water and sewerage service provider then one firm providing service in society can be considered as monopoly. Moreover, there is scarcity of fresh water and sewerage service provider therefore, it falls under monopoly. Breakfast Cereal: The product falls under oligopoly market structure. Oligopoly means few amounts of sellers and large buyers. The breakfast cereals that are sold by firms are very less such as Nestle, Kelloggs, etc. 4. Discretionary fiscal policy and its relationship with automatic stabilizers Discretionary Fiscal Policy is considered as the part of the action of government that can be altered year to year. It is a policy by the government that does not implies mandatory modification in spending, taxation or fiscal activities in context to changes in economic situations or recessions. Therefore, it is regarded as deliberate changes of government taxation, transfer payments and purchases so that macroeconomic goals can be promoted such as stability in price, GDP growth, full employment, etc. Automatic stabilizers are regarded as budget policy that alters automatically in order to stabilize the fluctuations in gross domestic product. The automatic stabilizer is different from discretionary fiscal policy. In order to make discretionary fiscal policy, the government has to have support from all areas whereas automatic stabilizers functions automatically if any economic situation arises. Examples of Automatic Stabilizers are corporate profits, unemployment insurance programs and progressive income taxes. 5. Demand Pull and cost push inflation Demand Pull Inflation: This kind of inflation is caused by excess and higher demands. For instance, if the people have more money, than they use more money to buy the product and services. The factors that lead to increase in aggregate demand are: increase in the level of money supply; rise in government purchase and rise in level of price in rest world. Therefore demand pull inflation can lead to shortages and rise in prices. Cost Pull Inflation: This kind of inflation is erupts by disruptions in supply. For instance, if oil prices increases then it make production more expensive. Therefore, production price can increase. The decrease in total supply can be due to hike in wage rates or increase in the raw material prices. 6. Factors affecting demand for currency Interest Rates: If there is higher interest rate associated with the borrowing, then the person may not be able to acquire money as required. For instance, if an investor invests money in foreign company and the interest rate in foreign company decreases then it can result in lower yield. Trade Balance: It impacts the demand and supply for the currency. For example, if a particular nation is suffering from trade deficit then the demand for currency can decrease and supply of currency can increase that can lead to higher supply and less demand. Political Situation: If there is higher global tension then it can lead to FOREX market instability. Moreover, there can be irregular outflow and inflow of currencies that can result in exchange rate fluctuation. 7. Policies for reducing structural rate of unemployment The structural rate of unemployment can be reduced by making policies such as: Introducing Government Training programs for the structurally employed Payment of subsidies to companies providing raining Increasing wage level and Helping unemployed to relocate themselves in working areas The policy to provide help to the structurally employed can be helpful in relocating them to the area where their job exists. The provision of assistance can help the person to regularly visit the office to carry on with their business activities. Moreover, it can decrease the burden from their health and can it can decrease the travel time. Therefore, it can help in attending office on time. Further, the hike in wage level can motivate the people to work.