Theories on Social Inequality from a Functionalist,...

Social inequality is the issue pertaining to the lack of housing, health care, education, employment opportunities, and status. It is the dismissal of people from participation in what we, the members of society distinguish as being valuable, important, socially desirable, and personally worthwhile. There are many different perspectives on social inequality within our society; the three areas I am going to focus on are those of the Functionalist, Conflict and Symbolic-Interactionist. The Functionalist theory believes that society functions so that each individual plays a specific role. Their perspective of social inequality is the belief that inequality is not only inevitable but also necessary for the smooth functioning of society.†¦show more content†¦215 chapter 8 Sociology In Our Times: The Essentials) this is to suggest that the different classes in society are in conflict because the more powerful groups maintain and control the distribution of resources, rewards, priv ileges and opportunities by exploiting the less powerful. They also believe that inequality is a result of profits being generated from the cost of labour being less than the cost of the goods and services being produced from that labour, also known as the surplus value. Conflict theorists do not believe that stratification is functional for society, or that it serves as a source of stability. Rather, they believe that stratification will lead to instability and social change. Symbolic-Interactionist focus more on the microlevel effects of inequality on peoples social interactions. Microlevel is a sociological research that focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures, opposed to the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives that primarily focus on the macrolevel which examines large-scale social structures. They believe that people act based on symbolic meanings they find within any situation, and thus interact with the symbols forming relationships around them a nd that our goals of interactions with one another are to create shared meaning. For example; we act towards other people based on the meaning that those other people have for us. TheirShow MoreRelatedSocial Institutions: Health Care Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Institutions: Health Care Heather Richardson SOC 101: Introduction to Sociology Dr. Christine Nortz Social Institutions: Health Care America has a highly developed health care system, which is available to all people. Although it can be a very complex and trying subject, it has come a long way from the health care systems of yesterday. Most health care facilities of yesterday, the sick were housed and cared for until death. Doctors rarely practiced in the hospital setting andRead MoreThe Core Concepts Of Sociology1578 Words   |  7 PagesThe core concepts of sociology are a combination of original theories with improved sociological approaches that build upon them over time. Sociology utilizes three main theories to approach the study of society with different focus points that result in different outcomes. Furthermore, as stated by Robert Faris and William Form from britannica â€Å"The early schools of thought each presented a systematic formulation of sociology that implied possession of exclusive truth and that involved a convictionRead Morethree perspective2503 Words   |  11 Pagessociologist is one of the people who do this and this is what they have worked on their whole life. They have worked to prove their point and get people to understand their point of view. One sociologist may see the world as being in order or stable and improving every day. Another may see that society as a whole is so worried about being in the norm of society and social institution. How society has become overwhelmed by what religion says is right or wrong. Also struggling with how your family decidedRead MorePoverty And Poverty Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesThe interactionist, conflict and functionalist theories have been extensively used to guide the sociological understanding of social problems. The different views presented by these theoretical approaches are critical not only in understanding but also in resolving the various social issues. Poverty presents as one issue that every society has to grapple with given its inherent tendency to pose a threat to not only the poor but to the society as a whole (Mooney, Knox Schacht, 2014). The issue ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Life1581 Words   |  7 Pagesorder to interpret social life we have utilized three primary theoretical perspectives. In this paper I will summarize all three primary perspectives by identifying the role, figures and key concepts related to each of these three theories. I will then identify which of these three theories I find most useful in studying sociology today and then I will explain the rationale behind my selection. Finally, I will provide my own argument to the debate as whether the purpose of social research should beRead MoreConflict: Sociology and Ever-changing Nature2792 Words   |  12 PagesStrucutral functionalism is a form of  functional analysis. Functional analysis (or functionalism) is one of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology. In fact, many of the early giants of sociology, such as Spencer, Comte, and Durkheim were functionalists. Essentially, this perspective sees society as comprised of many parts that contribute in unique ways to the operation of the whole society.   The way I explain this to my class is to think of a clock. What makes a clock a clock? First, youRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Conflict Theory1882 Words   |  8 PagesFunctionalism; b) Symbolic Interactionism; and c) Conflict Theory. Structural Functionalism aims to understand society in an objective way. It views society as an entity that is â€Å"objectively real†. It emphasizes the unity of society, and how individuals perform roles and how these roles are vital in meeting the needs of the collective whole. For instance, because every society has stratification, stratification must have certain functions and these functions can contribute to the survival of the social systemRead MoreStructural Funcionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism1410 Words   |  6 Pagescompletely. For each theory, I will discuss the basics and cover the main tenants of each. Then, I will discuss the ambiguities, inadequacies and irrelevance to reality based on our current understanding of modern society. Structural Functionalism In the Functionalist School of Thought, society is viewed as being a complex structure of inter-related parts, analogous to a living being, with many different organs contributing to the daily functioning and health of the entire organism. From evolving societiesRead MoreHow Race And Ethnicity Is Socially Constructed, Rather Than Biological?995 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning back in the 17th century with the European expansion. We can see the beginning of racial stratification with the Europeans placing themselves as the top social class. In all societies people receive different shares of what is valued and it is this unequal division of resources that creates stratification by the higher social class receives more than the lower classes. Unfortunately, the lower classes are usually the ones who are involved with the most crime. The reason why people steppedRead MoreCrime And Deviance1550 Words   |  7 Pagescrime and deviant behavior. In defining deviant behavior, the definitio n may vary throughout different groups. Not all groups of people will consider the same behaviors deviant due to social norms of different cultures. Because of this, deviant behavior is not only about the deviant act, but in how the social groups respond to that behavior. Socialization plays an important role in whether or not a person will eventually participate in criminal or deviant behavior. Socialization is extremely

Causes And Effect Of Temperature Essay - 5322 Words

3. Impacts of elevated temperature Increased greenhouse gases causes increasing global mean temperature. Global mean temperature will increase by 1oC above present value by 2025 and by 3oC by 2100. In temperate latitude, temperature rises will causes increased photosynthesis and respiration of plants. Rising temperature shows respiration increasing more than photosynthesis. It causes an autocatalytic component to global warming. High temperatures limit growth, development and ultimately adversely affecting crop yield. Detrimental effects of high temperatures have been observed during both the vegetative and reproductive stages of various plant species. However, reproductive stages are most sensitive to high temperature stress compared to vegetative stages. High temperature induced reduction in the crop yield is attributed to the negative effects of high temperature stress on cell structures and physiological and metabolic processes. High temperatures disrupt the integrity of cellular membranes and cause changes in enzyme activity that lead to alterations in the rates of biochemical reactions and ultimately an imbalance in metabolic pathways. The molecular basis of high temperature damage involves changes in protein conformation (Berry and Bjorkman 1980; Levitt 1980; Larkindale et al., 2005). Plants may be exposed to severe high temperature stress during germination, which can cause loss of vigor, ultimately leading to reduced emergence and seedling establishment. DuringShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Temperature Increases Due On Anthropogenic Warming Change The Probability Of Precipitation Deficits That Cause Severe Drought Conditions? 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Increase warming of global temperatures account as a major concern of Earth’s surroundings. Global warming is a prominent source to consider how and why the environmentRead MoreThe Effect Of High Skin Temperature On An Individual s Performance805 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, there is still so much research understanding the cause of this. The experiment conducted by Hettinga et al discusses the idea that an individuals output can be influenced by hot temperatures leading to fatigue and exhaustion. This experiment also explored the idea that an individuals increase in skin blood flow could also explain individuals decrease in their performance [2]. M any others have explored this idea in cycling and the effects that cycling intensity can have on an individual’s performanceRead MoreIn the last 100 years, Earth’s average temperature has risen by 1.4 °F. The rising global900 Words   |  4 PagesEarth’s average temperature has risen by 1.4 °F. The rising global temperatures have caused changes in weather and climate. Global warming refers to the ongoing rise in the average temperature near Earth’s surface. This is causing a climate change, which refers to any significant change (major change in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns) in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time (several decades or longer). Due to this, it is projected that the temperature will rise fromRead More Global Warming Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesare global warming and the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that keeps the earth at temperatures that are livable. What d oes the greenhouse effect have to do with global warming? When humans release gases into the air, the greenhouse effect will alter the temperature of the earth. More gases in the atmosphere means the earth will start to get warmer, and the result is global warming. On the other hand, if there was no greenhouse effect, the earth would be too cold for humansRead MoreThe highest mortality rate in trauma patients with massive haemorrhage initially develops with1600 Words   |  7 Pagescomponents of â€Å"the trauma triad of death†(Anthony et al, 2005) and in lieu of this fact, it is important to ascertain the role of temperature on maintaining homeostasis. With this in mind, an experiment to investigate how the temperature of clotting chemicals affect blood coagulation in the circulatory system, specifically in the cases of hyperthermia and hypothermia, and the effects on homeostasis within the body, will be performed. Human homeostasis according to Marieb et al (2007) refers â€Å"to the body’sRead MoreGlobal Warming: A Human Cause? Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch has proven that humans are not the sole cause of global warming. In fact, some scientists say that the natural causes of global warming far outweigh the human causes. 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The Report Is Based On the Critical Examination of the Big Data

Question: Discuss About the Report Is Based On the Critical Examination of the Big Data? Answer: Introduction The report is based on the critical examination of the Big Data (BD) implications to the business organization. It will explicate the relationship between BD and Business Analytics (BA) and discuss the benefits and challenges of the BD to the business organizations from the accounting standpoint. It follows a review of the literature and analysis of the academic journal articles drawn from library databases and industry articles on the Big Data topic. The report takes the structure as follows. In the first section, a clear definition of the BD is presented based on BD explanations incorporating the linkage between BD and BA. Examples of additional commercial software available in the market to deal with BD is also given. A case example of an organization that uses the BD is then presented with particular focus to the case background, the challenges and benefits to the organization due to Bid Data Management (BDM) Big Data Big Data (BD) is a phrase that presents a description to an enormous volume of data. Such data is both unstructured and structured. This data inundates the business on daily basis. However, it is never the amount of data which is significant. The most significant thing is what the organization use the data for (Macedonia, Johnson and Rajapakse 2017). The BD can be examined for the insights which culminate to better decision alongside strategic business moves. The BD can as well be described on the basis of data management challenges. These challenges are as a result of rising volume, velocity as well as variety of data that cannot be solved with the traditional databases. Whereas there is abundant definitions for the BD, a great proportion entails the concept usually tagged as the three Vs of BD. The Volume: varies from terabytes to petabytes of the data. Variety: entails data from a vast range of sources as well as formats like social media, web logs, online, transactions, ecommerce and financial transactions (Members 2017). Velocity: increasingly, organizations have strict needs from the time data is generated, to the point actionable insights are delivered to users. Hence, data requires to be gathered, stored, processed as well as analyzed within comparatively short windows-varying from daily to real time (Xie, Draizen and Bourne 2017). There is a close relationship between BD and BA. The Business Analytics uses the Big Data as the inputs to produce effective outputs that inform the strategies and implementation in the company. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is one the central commercial software that helps the organization deal with BD. The AWS offers a vast and completely integrated portfolio of the cloud computing services. These services are helpful in building, securing as well as deploying the big data applications. AWS saves the organizations the need to procure the hardware or infrastructure maintenance and scaling. This allows the organization to focus on the resources to uncover novel insights. AWS adds new features and capabilities constantly and, hence, the organization is usually capable of leveraging the latest technologies without making lasting investment commitments. The BD analytics companies like Cloudera and Hortonworks avail the commercial software which help business store, process as well as analyze data via the Hadoop. This is an open source software system which is capable of sorting as well as handling enormous amounts of information. Ups Company Case Background The organization chosen for the case is the United Parcel Service Logistic Company (UPS). The United Parcel Service, Inc. is the global largest package deliver firm and a provider of the supply chain management solutions. UPS has many pieces alongside parts that are constantly in motion. It stores an enormous amount of data. UPS derives its data from sensors in its vehicles. The data stored by UPS not only monitors the day-to-day performance, but further triggered a principal redesign of the company drivers route structures. The initiative used by UPS was tagged ORION (On-Road Integration Optimization and Navigation). The initiative was arguably the global biggest operation research project. The initiative depended heavily on the online map data for the reconfigurations of the pickups as well as drop-offs of the drivers in real time. The organization used expansive fleet telematics alongside advanced algorithms to collect and compute innumerable amounts of data to provide the organization drivers with the optimized routes. The project helped UPS drivers to utilize the most optimized delivery routes with respect to the fuel, distance and time by helping UPS to develop the ORION project using BD. It helped the UPS drivers to determine the optimal manner to deliver as well as pick-up packages within the set of stops defined by the commence time, commit time, pick-ups windows as well as special clientele needs. The ORION system depended on the online map data that was UPS-customized to compute miles as well as travel time for planning most-cost effective routes. The project had challenges and benefits relating to the Big Data Management. Challenges And Benefits To Bdm Challenges of Big Data The ORION project embraced by UPS required extensive hardware alongside architectural provisions. UPS faced specific change-management challenges arising from the Big Data for the ORION project. The UPS had to guarantee uptake at many diverse project phases to achieve the maximum cost as well as emission reductions. This presented a challenge as each phase had its own distinct change-management challenges. In the development phases, the research and development leads had to design a technology solution which functioned better than the prevailing practice and prove to the UPS business leaders that it had potential (Wamba et al. 2017). At the demonstration stage, the porotype testing alongside business-case validation had to be performed in lab and subsequently tested in the field, initially for smaller and later, for large cohorts of the UPS drivers. At the adoption phase, the challenge was operationalization as well as rolling out. The project had to convince thousands of the UPS staff to embrace the ORION integration into their daily work. The project required a heavy investment as it required the Big Data. UPS invested heavily in ORION meant to shorten the routes of drivers thereby saving millions of fuel. UPS did not, however, disclosed the much the ORION project cost specifically but was just described as a good-sized project for the UPSs $1 billion yearly technological expenditure. The Big Data required in the ORION project required over 500 staff that had to work for its deployment. UPS also faced a challenge of having the system use the real-time data which had to wait until later versions were brought. The ORION could not anticipate bad weather, traffic as well as additional variables which could mean the diversity in slowing down the route of the driver. The presence of Big Data made it impossible to initially integrate the dynamic data in ORION (Sookhak et al. 2017). Benefits of Big Data From the ORION project, the UPS greatly saved cost of over 8.4 million gallons of the fuel. This was achieved as the UPS managed to cut 85 million miles off the day-to-day routes. The UPS estimated that saving solely a single daily mile a driver saved the organization $30 million. This implied a substantial overall dollar savings (Parikka et al. 2017). The ORION has helped the UPS to solve individual route in seconds. It is constantly operational in the background hence evaluating the routes prior to drivers exiting the facility. The ORION project benefits the UPS by constantly evaluating the best manner for the route to operate on the basis of the real-time information. Whereas most of American are sleeping, the ORION project is solving tens of thousands route optimization a minute. The ORION has saved and continue to save UPS around 100 million miles per annum. This is a decrease of ten million gallons of the consumed fuel. It further decreases the carbon dioxide emissions by around 100, 000 metric tons. The initials results have shown that miles have decreased with individual route utilizing ORION and a decrease of merely one mile a driver a day over a year saves the organization up to fifty million dollars. ORION further benefits the customers by enabling more personalized services including on peak business days (Ivanov, Tsipoulanidis and Schnberger 2017). The UPS My Choice service have allowed the customers to enjoy online and mobile access thereby seeing their incoming UPS home deliveries. This enables the customers to actively choose the preferred deliveries, reroute shipments as well as delivery location and dates adjustment as needed. Presently, millions of customers have taken the advantage of the UPS My Choice service (Holland et al. 2017). ORION technologies will endure to make feasible even increasingly personalized services, with international on the future roadmap. Conclusion Via the Big Data and Business Analytics, the company gathers data from various sources and analyzing it thereby finding answers that enable: (i) reduce cost (ii) reduce/save time (iii) new product development and offering optimization (iv) smart decisions making. As reflected above, UPS Company has combined the BD with high-powered analytics thereby accomplishing business-associated tasks (Gwilt, Prendiville and Mitchell 2017). The company has been able to determine the roots causes of the failures, defects and issues in the near-real time. The company has also used the BD and BA to generate coupons at the sale point on the basis of the buying habits of the customers. The company has also been able recalculate the entire risk portfolios in seconds (Asadi-Someh et al. 2017). The company has benefited from the combined BD and BA to detect fraudulent behavior prior to it effecting the organization. References Asadi Someh, I., Wixom, B., Davern, M. and Shanks, G., 2017, January. Enablers and Mechanisms: Practices for Achieving Synergy with Business Analytics. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Gwilt, I., Prendiville, A. and Mitchell, V., 2017. Making sense of Data through Service Design: opportunities and reflections. Holland, C., Levis, J., Nuggehalli, R., Santilli, B. and Winters, J., 2017. UPS Optimizes Delivery Routes. Interfaces, 47(1), pp.8-23. Ivanov, D., Tsipoulanidis, A. and Schnberger, J., 2017. Routing and Scheduling. In Global Supply Chain and Operations Management (pp. 389-434). Springer International Publishing. Macedonia, C.R., Johnson, C.T. and Rajapakse, I., 2017. Advanced Research and Data Methods in Women's Health: Big Data Analytics, Adaptive Studies, and the Road Ahead. Obstetrics Gynecology. Members, B.D.C., 2017. The BIG Data Center: from deposition to integration to translation. Nucleic Acids Research, 45(Database issue), p.D18. Parikka, A., Habart, E., Bernard-Salas, J., Goicoechea, J.R., Abergel, A., Pilleri, P., Dartois, E., Joblin, C., Gerin, M. and Godard, B., 2017. Spatial distribution of far-infrared rotationally excited CH+ and OH emission lines in the Orion Bar photodissociation region. Astronomy Astrophysics, 599, p.A20. Sookhak, M., Gani, A., Khan, M.K. and Buyya, R., 2017. Dynamic remote data auditing for securing big data storage in cloud computing. Information Sciences, 380, pp.101-116. Wamba, S.F., Ngai, E.W., Riggins, F. and Akter, S., 2017. Transforming operations and production management using big data and business analytics: future research directions. Xie, L., Draizen, E.J. and Bourne, P.E., 2017. Harnessing big data for systems pharmacology. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 57, pp.245-262.

It Technology Essays (4770 words) - Dielectrics, Computer Recycling

It Technology 1.0 INTRODUCTION A quote from a PC World magazine on The Digital Future said, in the future, people will live twice as long, computers will die twice as fast 1. As computer technology continues to accelerate at an unprecedented rate, information technology (IT) equipment waste is becoming an increasingly significant portion of the solid waste stream. Information Technology equipment waste is receiving increased attention for the following reasons: ? Rapid advances in technology result in IT equipment becoming obsolete at an increasingly rapid pace. This is resulting in an increase in the rate and quantity of IT equipment entering the waste stream; ? A piece of IT equipment was, or is typically of high value, both in terms of its component parts and the equipment itself; ? IT equipment commonly contains toxic materials, which are hazardous if not managed properly. This project provides a broad overview of how such products are handled and to estimate the amounts of these products and materials that will enter the waste stream in the next few years. The specific waste streams addressed include: ? personal computers, ? monitors, ? laptop computers, ? peripherals (e.g., printers, scanners), 2.0 WASTE ESTIMATES FOR IT EQUIPMENT This section will address the generation and flow of computer equipment waste from both residential and IC&I sources in Canada. The types of computer equipment addressed in this project and discussed in this section include: - Computers (personal computers, servers); - Monitors; - Laptop computers; - Printers; - Note-pads/note-books, and; - Peripherals (scanners, modems, keyboards etc.). The flow of computer equipment in the solid waste stream will require increasing attention in the future for the following reasons: - The decreasing lifespan of IT products and their increasing annual sales, resulting in greater discards of computer equipment waste on an annual basis; - The mixed composition of computer equipment (i.e., metals, plastics, glass), which makes dismantling and recycling challenging; - The presence of hazardous materials; and, - The life cycle ecological burden represented by waste IT equipment. Computer equipment can become obsolete as a result of technological advancements, for example: - Increasing micro processing speed from 80386 to 80486 to Pentium I, II and now III generation systems; - Increasing memory capacity to support faster microprocessors and expanded storage requirements; - Internet developments that cannot be accessed using older systems; - New and expanding operating systems and software that cannot run on older systems; - Advancements in color, resolution and technology for monitors (i.e., flat panel monitors); - Increasing speed and color performance for laser and ink-jet printers, and - Merging technologies such as all-in-one equipment, with faxing, printing and scanning capabilities provided in one unit. These factors have reduced both the average first life and total lifespan of computer equipment where first life refers to the amount of time a product is useful to its original owner and total lifespan is the period from manufacture to disposal 2. Computer equipment sales are projected to continue to grow as a result of decreasing lifespan and the increased use of computers in businesses, institutions and at home. The largest growth in computer sales is into the residential market. In 1998 there were 1.9 million computers installed in Canadian homes and in 2000, there were 2.2 million an increase of 16%. In the education sector, installed computers increased by 9% in 1999, to 1.4 million. Installed computers in the business sector increased from 6.2 million in 1999 to 7.0 million in 2000 an increase of 13% 3. Figure 2-1 presents a simplified schematic of the lifespan of computer equipment from point of sale, through use, to end of first life, to diversion (reuse and recycling) and to disposal. 3.0 IT Waste Generation Each year millions of new computers, monitors, laptops and peripherals are sold into the Canadian marketplace. Some of these sales represent new customers(Businesses, Institutions, Homes, Government offices) who are purchasing computer equipment for the first time, while the majority are those that are replacing old or out dated equipment found in residential, commercial and institutional settings. The obsolete equipment is typically 3-5 years old 4 and, while often still usable (i.e., not broken), it no longer meets the needs of the user. The point at which a computer becomes obsolete is also referred to as the end of the equipments first life. Obsolete computer equipment will be directed to one of four destinations/outlets: 1) Storage, 2) Reuse, 3) Recycling, 4) Disposal. (as shown in figure below) Storage: In many instances, discarded computer